The papers reviewed have focused on indirect communication - from voters to elected politicians through voting and from politicians to voters through campaign fund-raising.
These events incorporated fund-raising components for purchases of sports equipment and books.
They point out that the 21 iwi-based radio stations "eke out a fairly miserable existence," relying on voluntary staff and fund-raising.
Some companies fared well in fund-raising and attained stability.
Both economically and socially, the fund-raising festivales helped to build community spirit and integration.
Financial resources are a constant problem, yet our results show how little time these organisations spend on fund-raising.
On average, the respondents indicated that they spent only 10 per cent (median 4 %) of the time they devoted to organisational maintenance on fund-raising.
In some cases, the newspaper would be published on the expedition's return, as a means of publicity, fund-raising, and memorialisation.
Because factional bosses curtailed their fund-raising activities in the mid 1970s,22 our inquiry focuses on endorsements and posts.
Particular emphasis is placed on the armed fund-raising strategies of the anarchists and the impact of this on the wider political stage.
It appears, then, that this fund-raising campaign simultaneously performed two inter-related functions.
A major instrument here was fund-raising campaigns organized on the initiative of the sultan and his immediate palace bureaucracy.
Given that there was so little funding for all this, they frequently had to dedicate their time to fund-raising activities.
An important aspect of this is the growth of direct mail, which in addition enables parties to by-pass the members in fund-raising and campaigning.
Finally, the curve would take an upswing once candidates passed the fund-raising threshold.
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